Pharmacological strategies for slowing the rise of creatinine and urea nitrogen in diabetic kidney disease: A scoping review

Background: Adolescent diabetic kidney disease (DKD) represents an early-onset microvascular complication characterized by prolonged metabolic exposure and accelerated renal decline. Elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are key biochemical indicators of impaired renal function. Objectives: This scoping review aims to systematically map and evaluate pharmacological strategies for slowing the rise of creatinine and BUN in adolescents (aged 10–19 years) with DKD, with emphasis on renoprotective mechanisms, therapeutic sequencing and the potential applicability of these therapies to adolescent populations. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies included clinical trials, observational studies, clinical guidelines and relevant reviews focusing on pharmacological interventions in adolescents (10–19 years) with diabetic kidney disease. Study selection was based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 35 studies and guideline-based references were included in the final synthesis. Intensive glycemic control (insulin for type 1 diabetes; metformin ± insulin for type 2 diabetes) was associated with improved metabolic control and favorable renal outcomes. Renin–angiotensin system blockers consistently reduced albuminuria and induced an acute hemodynamic reduction but stabilized the long-term decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors demonstrated additional renoprotective effects in type 2 diabetes; risks (euglycemic DKA) limit use in type 1. In adult studies, finerenone attenuated inflammatory and fibrotic pathways; no adolescent data exist. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improved metabolic control and reduced obesity-associated renal stress. However, pediatric-specific evidence remains limited, and much of the available evidence is derived from adult studies. Conclusion: Adult data suggest potential benefits of early multi-target pharmacotherapy, but adolescent-specific evidence is needed to confirm a critical role in delaying renal deterioration. Whether integration of conventional and novel agents improves long-term renal outcomes in adolescents requires direct investigation. Further pediatric-focused research is required to establish safety, efficacy and optimal therapeutic strategies.