Albiflorin suppresses breast cancer via the HINT2/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Abstract: Background: Breast cancer (BC) remains a significant global health threat with complex pathogenesis often linked to chemotherapy resistance and inflammatory microenvironments. Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 2 (HINT2) is a mitochondrial protein involved in metabolism and immunity, but its specific role in BC and potential as a therapeutic target require further elucidation. Objectives: This study aimed to identify novel therapeutic targets for BC and evaluate the anti-tumor efficacy and molecular mechanisms of Albiflorin (Al), a natural monoterpene glycoside. Methods: Proteomic profiling was performed on BC xenografts in nude mice to identify differentially expressed proteins. In-vivo and in-vitro models (MDA-MB-231 cells) were established to assess the effects of Al (20 mg/kg or 20 µM) on tumor growth, apoptosis and cytokine production. Molecular docking and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were used to investigate the interactions among HINT2, NLRP3 and Al. Results: HINT2 was significantly upregulated in BC tissues and identified as a primary pro-tumorigenic factor. Co-IP confirmed an endogenous interaction between HINT2 and NLRP3. Al exhibited strong binding affinity to HINT2 (–7.36 kcal/mol) and significantly suppressed tumor volume and weight. Furthermore, Al treatment downregulated the HINT2/NLRP3 axis, reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and promoted apoptosis by modulating Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 levels. Conclusion: Albiflorin suppresses BC progression by inhibiting the HINT2/NLRP3 signaling pathway, suggesting HINT2 is a viable biomarker and Al a promising therapeutic agent for BC treatment.