Pharmacognostic evaluation and hepatoprotective activity of Solanum americanum

Background: Solanum americanum, or American black nightshade, is a common weed in Pakistan with a rich history of medicinal applications. Traditionally, its leaves and fruits have been employed to treat various conditions, including skin problems, inflammation, and menstrual irregularities. The plant's therapeutic potential is attributed to its diverse phytochemical composition, encompassing alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonoids. Its traditional use highlights the reliance on folk knowledge for treating liver disease. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the pharmacognostic features and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the crude fruit extract of S. americanum against ethanol-induced liver toxicity in rats. Methods: An aqueous ethanolic extract of S. americanum fruit was administered to rats with ethanol-induced liver toxicity. Silymarin was used as a reference drug for comparison. Hepatoprotective activity was assessed through biochemical analysis of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, and total protein levels. Histopathological examination of liver tissues was also conducted. Results: The ethanol-treated group exhibited intense hepatocellular injuries and necrosis in liver tissues. Treatment with the aqueous ethanolic extract of S. americanum and silymarin resulted in near-normal lobular architecture, with only slight centrilobular degeneration of hepatocytes and minimal necrotic changes. The S. americanum extract demonstrated hepatoprotective activity, as evidenced by the partial normalization of liver biomarkers. However, its effect was less pronounced than that of silymarin. Conclusion: The aqueous ethanolic fruit extract of S. americanum possesses hepatoprotective properties against ethanol-induced liver toxicity in rats. S. americanum mitigates ethanol-induced liver toxicity in rats, partially normalizing liver biomarkers, likely through its antioxidant and nutritional properties, supporting its traditional use in liver disease management.